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Issued Monthly 



Lxtra iMumber 



November, 1887 




Single Numbers FIFTEEN CENTS 



Yearly Subscription 
(9 Numbers) $1.25 



Clie EitoemDe literature ^eriejs* 

A LIST OF THE NEW NUMBERS FOR THE SCHOOL 
YEAR 1887-88. 

Together with a List of the Numbers already published. 

Houghton, Mifflin and Company take pleasure in announcing 
that nine new numbers — comprising about 1,000 pages of the best and 
purest literature — will be added to the Riverside Literature Series 
during the next school year. The new numbers will be issued at the 
rate of one each month, beginning with September, 1887. 

The Riverside Literature Series is the result of a desire on the part of 
the publishers to issue in a cheap form for school use some of the most 
interesting masterpieces of such writers as Longfellow, Whittier, 
Holmes, Lowell, Hawthorne, etc. ; and the wide-spread popularity 
among teachers and pupils of the twenty-seven numbers already pub- 
lished is a sufficient guarantee that the new numbers announced here 
will meet with favor. 

In order that the reader may be brought into the closest possible con- 
tact with the author, each masterpiece is given as it was written, unal- 
tered and unabridged,' and the notes, while sufficiently lielpful, are not 
so voluminous that the reader's mind is occupied with the editor rather 
than with the author. 

The numbers already issued have been extensively used for the study 
of Language, for the study of Literature, for Supplementary Reading, 
and as substitutes for the graded Headers. In whatever way they may 
be used, the principal benefit to be derived from them will be the forma- 
tion of a taste in the render for the best and most enduring literature ; 
this taste the pupil will carry with him when he leaves school, and it will 
remain through life a powerful means of self-education. An inspection 
of the titles of the different numbers of the series (see third and fourth 
cover pages) will show that it contains a pleasing variety of reading 
matter in Biography, History, Poetry, and Mythology. 

The two extra numbers announced in the Prospectus are intended- as 
aids to teachers who wish their pupils to learn about the lives of the best 
authors as well as their writings. 

Numbers 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, are 
recommended as well adapted to the tastes and capabilities of pupils of 
the Fourth-Reader grade. 

1 There are in the entire series perhaps half a dozen cases where a sentence has 
been very slightly changed in order to adapt it for use in the schoolroom ; and in one 
case, for a similar reason, three pages of the original have been omitted. 



2Dl)r HiticrsiDe ilitcraturc scenes 



PORTRAITS 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 



OF 



TWENTY AMERICAN AUTHORS 



Vv^ 







HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 

Boston: 4 Park Street; New York : 11 East Seventeenth Street 

(€fe nilicrsi&t press, ^JTamtriDoe 

1887 






CONTENTS. 



1. Louis Agassiz. 

2. Thomas Bailey Aldrich. 

3. William Cullen Bryant. 

4. John Burroughs. 

5. James Fenimore Cooper. 
(). Ralph Waldo Emerson. 

7. John Fiske. 

8. Nathaniel Hawthorne. 

9. Oliver Wendell Holmes. 

10. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 

n. James Russell Lowell. 

12. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. 

13. Horace Elisha Scudder. 

14. Edmund Clarence Stedman, 
1.5. Harriet Beecher Stowe. 
10. Bayard Taylor. 

17. Henry David Thoreau. 

18. Charles Dudley Warner. 

19. Adeline D. Train Whitney. 

20. John Greenleaf Whittier. 



Copyright, 1887, 
Et HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. 

All rights reserved. 



<p 



^ LOUIS AGASSIZ. 

Mrs. Agassiz when preparing the authoritative memoir 

^ of her husband, Louis Agassiz : his Life and Correspond- 

J ence, found it agreeing perfectly with the proportions of 

' her work to devote the first volume to his Euro})ean life, 

^ the second to his American. He was educated in the Swiss 

parsonage where he was born May 28. 1807, and vvhich 

was his home until he was ten years of age, when he was 

sent to school at Bienne ; since he came to America in 

1846, it is proper to say that his student and working life 

was almost exactly halved by the Atlantic. 

His love of natural history, which showed itself in his 
childish sports and made him a miniature collector, deep- 
ened as his mind matured, and gave him so strong a bent 
toward university life that he persuaded his j)arents to post- 
pone their design to establish him in commercial pursuit 
until he should first spend two additional years at the College 
of Lausanne. His devotion there to anatomy and kindred 
studies gave the slight weight that was needed to turn the 
scale, and at the end of his course he went to the medical 
school of Zurich, and thence to Heidelberg. 

From Heidelberg he went to Munich, and here the studies 
in natural history, which he had been pursuing as collate- 
ral to his professional studies, became steadily superior ; he 
found himself, as the saying is, and though he took his de- 
gree as doctor of medicine, he never practised — the pursuit 
of natural history had become his life-work. His first ven- 
ture in publication, made when he was twenty-one, was a 
description of the Brazilian fishes brought home by Martins 
and Spix. It is interesting as illustrating the continuity of 
his life that nearly forty years afterward he should himself 
nuike explorations in Brazilian waters, and should receive 
an eager letter at the time from old Professor Martins who 
was still working at Brazilian fauna and flora. 



LOUIS AGASSIZ. 

Under what stringent conditions the young naturalist 
worked at his first publication ! •' I kept always," he says, 
" one and sometimes two artists in my pay : it was not easy, 
with an allowance of $250 a year, but they were even poorer 
than I, and so we managed to get along together." But that 
was always the way witli Agassiz. He once said with ejn- 
grammatic force that he had no time to make money, and 
to the end of his life he spent with lavish hand every dollar 
which he could spare from the mere expenses of living, 
upon the advancement of science. When he was at the 
height of his fame in America, he was forced to carry on 
with his wife a school for girls. 

He took up the study of fossil fishes, after completing his 
task on Brazilian fishes, and in the course of his work stud- 
ied at Paris and increased the circle of his scientific friends, 
chief among them being Cuvier and Humboldt. In 1832 
he was appointed to a chair of natural history endowed for 
him in the University at Neufchatel. In 1836 he made the 
first of those notable visits to the Swiss Glaciers, including 
weeks of residence in the Alps, which resulted in his contri- 
butions to our knowledge of glacial phenomena and causes. 

When he came to America, in 1846, bent on a scientific 
tour and with an engagement to lecture at the Lowell Insti- 
tute in Boston, he was already a famous naturalist. He 
entered with eagerness upon ex2)lorations, but he was also 
captivated by the rejDublic, and when a year or more later 
political disturbances in Switzerland coincided with an offer 
of a chair in Harvard College, he sundered his connection 
with Europe, and thenceforward devoted himself to his new 
country. By lectures, by personal association, by his zeal in 
founding the great Museum of Comparative Zoology, by ex- 
peditions, and beyond all by the enthusiasm which his noble 
devotion to science inspired, he made himself the great 
teacher of America, and from his advent may be dated the 
marvelous rise of interest in natural science. He died at 
Cambridge, December 14, 1873. 




o~Xl.Ql^X 



THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH. 

It is often difficult to separate a man from the book 
which he writes in the first i3erson ; how much more when 
the theme is boyhood — a period which one in recollection 
may easily detach from consciousness, so that it seems like 
the experience of some one else — and when, also, the exter- 
nal lines of the story correspond with those of the author's 
personal history. At any rate The Story of a Bad Boy is 
quite commonly taken as containing Mr. Aldrich's early rec- 
ollections, infused with his imagination. Perhaps the pro- 
portion of his name used in the book marks the proportion 
of fact in the story. He was born at Portsmouth, N. H., 
November 11, 1887. His father's business connections with 
New Orleans led to a division of life between the southern 
and the northern port. In winter the family made their 
home in New Orleans, in summer in Portsmouth. In his 
thirteenth year, however, the boy discontinued his southern 
journeys, and lived at his grandfather's until he was sixteen. 

His Portsmouth life, coming in the impressionable years 
of his youth, has reappeared since in many forms. Under 
the thin disguise of Rivermouth the old town has figured 
not only in The Story of a Bad Boy but in The Friend of 
My Youths A Rivermouth Romance, Marjorie Daw, Pru- 
dence Palfrey, and The Queen of Sheha. An illustrated 
article in Harper's Magazine a few years ago was a more 
direct portrait of the New Hampshire port. The romancer 
has used this material more constantly than the poet. Ex- 
cepting the poem Piscataqua River and one or two slight 
references, little sign appears in verse that recollection of 
youth has furnished themes for the higher imagination. 

At sixteen the death of his father and attendant loss of 
property changed the course of the boy's life from wliat had 
been planned, and he went into the counting-room of an 
uncle in New York, where he passed an apprenticeship in 
business, winning thus an experience which an idealist often 



THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH. 

misses. Meanwliile bis literary tastes were developing, and 
there came the inevitable conflict between jjoetry and af- 
fairs. His desk in the counting-room claimed his time, but 
his affection and growing interest were for another kind of 
writing. He tried his hand at poems and newspaper work. 
He even managed to get a little volume of poems published, 
a volume so retiring that it has long disappeared from 
ordinary sight. After three years, however, he made a hit 
with a poem Bahy Bell, which, born in the most obscure 
quarters of a commercial newspai)er, was at once copied far 
and wide, and gave the young poet what is so often needed, 
a hearing and a distinct name. Mr. Aldrich has written 
since poems of far higher artistic value, but no one of them, 
except possibly his Identity^ has served him so effectively. 

Bahy Bell with other poems was published in 1856, and 
during the next ten years he was engaged exclusively in 
literary work in New York, issuing now and then a volume, 
doing editorial work on various papers and sharing in the 
risks of one at least. The Saturday Press. This was his 
journeyman time, and in it he acquired facility, readiness, 
and that familiarity with the practical side of a literary life 
which stands one in good stead when he is relieved of the 
necessity of the drudgery of woi'k and is enabled to econ- 
omize his resources. 

A collection of his jDoems had been published in 1865 by 
Ticknor & Fields, and when this firm projected Every 
Saturday the next year, they invited him to take charge 
of it. This necessitated a change of residence, and he has 
since resided in Boston. He continued to edit the paper as 
long as it lasted, and after an interval of half a dozen years 
succeeded Mr. Howells as editor of The Atlantic Mo7ithly. 

His writings are contained in a series of eight volumes. 
One of these, From Ponkapog to Pesth, consists of souve- 
nirs of travel ; but his more mature poetry gives even 
stronger evidence of the influence ui)on him of foreign art 
and travel. His editorial life has permitted him to reserve 
his power for the perfected forms of literary art. 




^^TfUlu^iy GclC€Aiy(2byaAU=r^ 



WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. 

It is a little significant that Bryant's first published poem, 
The Embargo, 1809, should have been in effect a political 
pamplilet. The union of politics and poetry was in the man, 
and that it should have api^eared in literature may readily 
be exi)lained by the fact that the writer was only thirteen 
years old at the time, having been born at Cunmiington, 
iVIassacluisetts, November 3, 1794. The two strands were 
twisted into the cord of his destiny, but though Bryant's pa- 
triotism flamed forth more than once in his verse, notably 
in Our Country'' s Call, he never after his first trial made 
his poetry a mere vehicle for political doctrines. 

Bryant's father was a cultivated country doctor, who 
looked carefully after his son's reading and sent him to be- 
gin a college education at Williams. He spent a little less 
than a year at college, but his father's limited income for- 
bade further collegiate study, and he was forced to take uj) 
the study of the law, which he had chosen for his profes- 
sion, and was admitted to the bar in 1815. 

In boyhood, during his studies, and after he had been ad- 
mitted to practice, he was constantly allured by poetry, and 
some of his most famous poems, including Tlianatopsis and 
To a Waterfowl, were published at this period. In 1821 
he was invited to read a poem before the Phi Beta Kappa 
society of Harvard College, and he read The Ages, a stately 
poem which bore witness to his lofty jjhilosophic nature. 
Shortly after this he issued a small volume of poems, scarcely 
more than a pamphlet, and containing but eight j)ieces, yet 
every one is now a classic, and the little paper book stands 
chronologically at the head of American poetical literature. 

When these poems aj^peared Bryant was married and liv- 
ing at Great Barrington, Massachusetts, as a young lawyer, 
but he had a growing distaste for the profession, with a 
steadily increasing absor])tion in literary pursuits as well as 
strong interest in public affairs. He sjjent much of his time 



WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. 

in periodical work, and in 1825 finally went to New York 
to live, and undertook the management of a monthly jour- 
nal, the Neiv York Review. He earned a precarious liveli- 
hood by this and miscellaneous work, but the lieinew went 
the way of similar ventures, and in 1826 he made a connec- 
tion which in one form or other he retained the rest of 
his life. He became, in that year, a member of the staff 
of the New York Evening Post, and in 1829 was chief ed- 
itor and part proprietor. There can be little doubt, how- 
ever, that the absorbing occupation of daily journalism re- 
duced the sum of his contributions to pure literature. Much 
that he did in prose after this time was in the way of relax- 
ation, as in the letters of travel written during his several 
journeys and collected as Letters from a Traveller, Let- 
ters from the East, and Letters from Spain and other 
Countries. 

His poetic work was infrequent. In 1842 he published 
The Fountain and other Poems, and collections of later 
poems were issued in 1844 and 1863. One expression of 
his poetic nature was in his strong love of the country and 
country life. He resorted frequently to the old homestead 
at Cummington, which came into his jjossession, but he 
created special associations with Roslyn on Long Island, an 
estate which he bought in 1843 and always retained. It 
was there in 1865 that his wife died, and in his loneliness 
Mr. Bryant began the translation of the Iliad of Homer as 
an occupation for his troubled mind. He finished this task 
in 1870, and followed it with a translation of the Odyssey. 

He was frequently called upon to make addresses in con- 
nection with literary anniversaries. A volume of Ora- 
tions a.nd Addresses contains much of his work of this kind ; 
and his last appearance in public was on the occasion of 
the unveiling of a bust of Mazzini in Central Park. He 
delivered an oration, but the exposure brought on an illness 
from which he died a few days after, June 12, 1878. His 
son-in-law, Parke Godwin, has written his life and edited 
his writings. 



i^ tSS^N 



M^ 




//(jX^^M^i^iyLi^^ 



JOHN BURROUGHS. 

Nature chose the spring of the year for the tmie of John 
BniTOUghs's bh-th. A little before tha day when the wake- 
robin shows itself, that the observer might be on hand for 
the sight, he was born in Roxbury, New York ; the precise 
(bite was April 3, 1837. Until 1863 lie remained in the 
country abont his native place, working on his father's farm, 
getting his schooling in the district school and neighboring 
academies, and taking his turn also as teacher. 

His principal masters were Emerson, Thoreau, and Walt 
AVliitman ; his most congenial study what his walks in 
woods and fields brought to his notice of the manners and 
customs of birds, animals, trees, flowers, and whatever flies 
in the air or creeps on the earth. He began early to set 
down in writing the observations which he made, and these 
notes became the basis of his literary work. 

His first magazine article. Expression, appeared in The 
Atlantic Monthly in 1860, and most of his contributions to 
literature have been in the form of papers first published 
in the magazines and afterwards collected into books. He 
more than once i:)aid tribute to his teachers in literature. 
His first book, now out of print, was Notes on Walt Whit- 
man, as Poet and Person, published in 1867 : Birds and 
Poets contains a paper on Emerson, whom he has also treated 
incidentally in his paper Matthew Arnold on Emerson amd 
Carlijle, contributed to The Century/ Afagazine for April. 
1884 ; and the same magazine for July, 1882, contains Ids 
l)aper on Thoreau. 

In the autumn of 1863 he went to Washington, and in the 
following January entered the Treasury Department. He 
was for some years an assistant in the office of the Comptrol- 
ler of Currency, and later chief of the organization division of 
that Bureau. He resigned his place in tlie Treasury in 1872, 
:ind was appointed receiver of a broken national bank. 



JOHN B I TRR O UGHS. 

Sincfc that time his business occupation has been that of a 
National Bank examiner. An article contributed by him to 
The Century Magaz'me for March, 1881, on Broken Banks 
and Lax Directors is, perhaps, the only literary outcome of 
this occupation, but the keen powers of observation, trained 
in the field of nature, could not fail to disclose themselves 
in analyzing columns of figures. 

While engaged upon clerkly duties in Washington, he 
made opportunities for acquainting himself with the aspects 
of nature near the capital, and his Spring at the Capital, 
Winter Snu shine, A March Chronicle, and other papers 
bear the fruit of his life on the Potomac. He went to Eng- 
land in 1871 on business for the Treasury Department, and 
again on his own account a dozen years later. The record 
of the two visits is to be found mainly in his chapters on An 
October Abroad, contained in the volume Winter Sunshine, 
and in the papers gathered into the volume Fresh Fields. 

After leaving Washington, Mr. Burroughs bought a fruit 
farm at Esopus on the Hudson, and there building his house 
from the stones found in his fields, has given himself the 
best conditions for that humanizing of nature which consti- 
tutes the charm of his books. He was married in 1857 to a 
lady living in the New York village where he was at the time 
teaching. He keeps his country home the year round, only 
occasionally visiting New York. His work, which has long 
found ready acceptance both at home and abroad, is now 
passing into tliat security of fame which comes from its en- 
trance into the school-life of American children. An ac- 
count of its use in Chicago schools may be found in the in- 
troduction written by Miss Mary E. Burt, a Chicago teacher, 
for the collection of essays. Birds and Bees, published in the 
Riverside Literature Series. 




//. 



--^yy? c^?^ (TT-O 



Oc. 



//2-C>-^ 



r-" 



JAMES FENIMORE COOPER. 

In an appendix to his admirable monograph on Cooper in 
the American Men of Letters series, Professor T. R. Louns- 
bury has given a partial bibliography of Cooper's writings. 
It contains seventy titles, but it is noticeable that while a 
number of these indicate brief l)iographical, critical, or con- 
troversial contributions to magazines, the works by which 
Cooper's fame is kept alive are all novels, and novels on a 
large scale. It is a fresh reminder of the characteristics of 
his writings that they are leisurely narratives which have to 
do with large, elemental forces of nature, with the ocean, the 
prairie, the expansive woods. He needed plenty of space 
in which to turn round, and the short story did not come 
within the range of his art. 

Yet the long list of his writings shows how industrious lie 
was. For thirty years, from 1820 to 1850, he was putting 
forth books and pamphlets with but slight intervals of rest. 

His first book, Frecautioa, written upon the model of cur- 
rent English fiction and giving little promise of his peculiar 
power, was written chiefly for his own amusement wdien he 
was without regular occupation. The second book, The Sjjy, 
wdiich follow^ed the next year, 1821, seems to have been a 
revelation to him, as well as to the world, for he at once 
seemed to recognize the kind of pow'er which he possessed. 

He was thirty-tw^o years old when he thus w^as launched 
upon the literary life, and his previous training, though he 
was scarcely conscious of it at the time, was directly qualify- 
ing him for his best work. He was born in Burlington, 
N. J., September 15, 1789, but the next, year his father, 
Judge Cooper, removed to what was then the wilderness 
near Otsego Lake, New York, where his pioneer efforts led 
to the foundation of Cooperstown. Fenimore was educated 
at Yale College, but in consecpience of some prank was dis- 
missed the year before his class graduated. It was decided 



JAMES FEN I MORE COOPER. 

that he should enter the navy, but there being then no naval 
school, he shipped before the mast, and after thus learning 
the ropes, received a commission as midshipman, January 
1, 1808. He had a varied experience for three years, when 
on January 1, 1811, he married Miss De Lancey, and find- 
ing domestic life and the service incompatible, he tendered 
his resignation to the government. 

Until 1820, Cooper led a somewhat l)roken life between 
the neighborhood of New York and Cooperstown, living 
sometimes near his wife's relations, sometimes near his own. 
His entrance upon literature led him to take uj) his resi- 
dence in New York, and there he stayed three or four 
years, publishing The Pioneers, The Pilot, The L(fst of the 
Mohicans, and other novels, and entering into social life. In 
this brief time his fame was securely established, and when 
he went to P^urope in 1826 he went as the best known 
American author, unless Irving be excepted. He remained 
abroad with his family until 1833, and on his return made 
his home at Cooperstown, where he continued to live until 
his death September 14, 1851. 

His foreign life had not weakened his patriotic feeling, 
but it had given him opportunities for comparison between 
European and American modes of thought and manners of 
life. He was outspoken in his criticism, and succeeded in 
offending both his own countrymen and foreigners ; but 
though he excited much bitterness of s])eech, he held every 
one captive by his large-featured stories of the sea. the 
woods, and the prairie. He fell into controversies with his 
townsmen, and he was engaged in many libel suits, but he 
was personally a man who excited warm affection. His 
strong inhibition of any authoritative biography has kept 
his family from jjroducing such a work ; but his daughter, 
Susan Fenimore Cooper, has supplied, in the form of intro- 
ductions to his novels, many incidents connected with his 
literary and domestic life. The most complete biographic 
study is that already referred to by Professor Lounsbury. 




J\yil/a/i^ o^^^ 



RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 

The readers of Mr. Cabot's A Memoir qfJRaljj/i Waldo 
Emerson must have been striK^k by the absence of incident 
in Mr. Emerson's life, and by the fact that the interest, aside 
from the new contributions to thought, rests in what may be 
called the spiritual biograpliy of the man. The external 
facts of his life are quickly recited. He was born in Bos- 
ton, May 25, 1803; lost his father wlien he was eight years 
old, was fitted for college at the Boston Latin School, en- 
tered Harvard College, and graduated in 1821. During his 
college course he tauglit school in vacation, like other stu- 
dents with narrow means, and after graduation turned to 
school-keeping as the readiest means of support. After an 
interval of four years he entered the Divinity School in 
Cambridge, and on March 11, 1829. was ordained as col- 
league to the Rev Henry Ware, Jr, an eminent minister of the 
Unitarian denomination in Boston, who shortly after resigned 
leaving Emerson in sole charge. In September of the same 
year he married Miss Pollen Louisa Tucker. His wife died 
in 1831 and the next year he resigned his pastorate, from an 
inability to conform to the religions institutions of his churcli, 
and went to P^urope to re])air liis broken health. He re- 
turned to America in the fall of 1833, made his home 
shortly after in Concord, Mass., mariied Miss Lydia Jack- 
son September 14, 1835, and thenceforth led the life of a man 
of letters, maintaining himself chiefly by lecturing. His 
([uiet residence in Concord was l)roken only by his necessary 
journeys as a lecturer and by two further trips to Europe. 
He died at Concord, April 27. 1882. 

P^merson's interior history, while marked by no violent 
revolutions, has a great interest, by reason of the change 
which came over his relations to the world about him. De- 
scended from a line of ministers, and living in a society 
where the clergyman was quite the only man who found 
opportunity for the expression of high thought, he naturally 
slipped into the profession of the ministry. But from the 



RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 

beginning his mind was working against the limitations 
which he found in his profession, and at last broke bounds 
and left him free to utter his thought, unembarrassed by in- 
stitutions and orders. 

His instinct was for poetry, but his thought occupied it- 
self about many relations of man to God which refused to 
be exj^ressed only in poetic form, and his intuitions found 
their most natural expression in brief sentences which were 
grouped under general heads, and so fell into the loose struc- 
ture of essays. His first 2)rinted book was Nature, published 
in 1836, his first volume of Essaifs was published in 1841, 
and his first collection of Foenis in 1846. The only book 
of continuous prose was English Traits, issued in 1856. 
The contents of the other volumes of his collected works, 
which are embraced in eleven volumes in the B.ivers'aJe edi- 
tion, weje in almost all cases given first as lectures and ad- 
dresses, or contributed to periodicals ; but even in this form 
they looked back to an earlier record still, in the journal 
which he kept and in which he set down his reflections. 

Living in the seclusion of Concord, unaided by the 
weight of any organization, he was a power that worked as 
noiselessly as light. An address, now and then, like that 
on The American Scholar, given before the Phi Beta Kappa 
society of Harvard College in 1837, or that given to the 
senior class of the Divinity School in Cambridge in 1838, 
worked revolutions in the minds of men, and Emerson's 
thought on religious subjects was awaited by many in the 
hope that it would solve all their doubts. 

He watched many movements in politics, religion, and 
society, and spoke his word with more or less directness, 
but identified himself with no organization. He was one 
of the first to hail Carlyle, and the life-long correspondence 
of the two men was published after their death. He has 
been the subject of much writing by men of thought, and, 
besides Mr. Cabot's memoir, a briefer study by Dr. Holmes 
has appeared in the American Men of Letters series. 



JOHN FISKE. 

JoHX FiSKE was l)orn in Hartford, Connecticut, March 
30, 1842. His name was originally Edmund Fiske Green, 
but on the marriage of his widowed mother to Edwin W. 
Stoughton, at one time the American Minister to Russia, 
he took the name of a gTeat-grandfather, John Fiske. Be- 
fore he was a year old he was taken to his grandmother's 
home in Middletown, and remained there until he entered 
Harvard College in 1800. His actual scholastic preparation 
for college may be said to have begun when he was six years 
old. At seven he was reading Caesar, and had read Rollin, 
Joseplms, and Goldsmith's Greece. Before he was eight 
he had read the whole of Shakesjjeare. and a good deal of 
Milton, Bunyan, and Pope. He began Greek at nine. By 
eleven he had read Gil)bon, Robertson, and Prescott, and 
most of Froissart, and at the same age wrote from memory 
a chronological table from B. c. 1000 to A. D. 1820, filling 
a quarto blank book of sixty pages. At twelve he had read 
most of the Collectanea Grceca Major a, by the aid of a 
Greek-Latin dictionary, and the next year had read the 
whole of Virgil, Horace, Tacitus. Sallust, and Suetonius, 
and much of Livy, Cicero, Ovid, Catullus, and Juvenal. 
At the same time he had gone through Euclid, plane and 
spherical trigonometry, surveying and navigation, and ana- 
lytic geometry, and was well on into the differential cal- 
culus. At fifteen he could read Plato and Herodotus at 
sight, and was beginning German. Within the next year 
he was keeping his diary in Spanish, and was reading 
French, Italian, and Portuguese. He began Hebrew at 
seventeen, and took up Sanskrit the next year. Meanwhile 
this omnivorous reader was delving in science, getting his 
knowledge fi'om books and not from the laboratory or the 
field. He averaged twelve hours' study daily, twelve months 
in the year, before he was sixteen, and afterward nearly 



JOHN FISKE. 

fifteen hours daily, working with persistent energy ; yet he 
maintained the most robust health, and entered with enthu- 
siasm into out-of-door life. 

Such is a brief outline of Mr. Fiske's preparation for 
college, and it has been given in this detail, because it illus- 
trates also his later career. His college life was simjjly an 
extension of a period of self-imposed study ; he continued 
his linguistic pursuits so as to cover a wide range of modern 
languages. He spent two years at the Law School, and 
took his degree ; but though he ojiened an office in Boston, 
he used it mainly as a convenient place in which to write 
for the reviews and papers. He was married while still in 
the Law School, and he used his pen to support his family. 
It was an easy passage from a nominal to a real supremacy 
of letters over law, and he soon threw aside the lawyer's 
gown. 

In 1869 he gave a course of lectures on the Positive Phi- 
losophy, in Harvard University ; in 1870 he filled a tem- 
porary appointment as an instructor in history; and in 1871 
gave thirty-five lectures on the Doctrine of Evolution, 
which lie afterwards expanded into his Outlines of Cosmic 
Philosophy. The next year he was made Assistant Libra- 
rian, and held the office for seven years. 

Since 1879 he has severed all academic connections, ex- 
cept as he has been an Overseer of Harvard, and has 
devoted himself to writing and lecturing. He made him- 
self known especially as a lucid ex2)ositor of Spencer and 
Darwin ; he opened a striking vista in scientific thought in 
his two notable papers on The Destiny of Man and The 
Idea of God ; and of late he has won large audiences and 
gathered a great company of readers, as he has expounded 
the philosophical characteristics of American history and 
institutions. His home is in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 




"a^^p&^^^r^^. 



NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 

Although Hawthorne's life has been pretty fully illus- 
trated by his son Julian, his son-in-law G. P. Lathrop, by 
Henry James, and most of all by himself in his Note-Books^ 
and though critics and poets have made much of the theme, 
the conception of this writer as exploring the dim recesses 
of the human spirit has so dominated men's thoughts, that 
there is a common consent to regard him as a mysterious 
being in whom genius is such an infusing element as to ren- 
der even tlie familiar facts of his life capable of carrying 
double. Yet the external incidents of his career have a very 
matter-of-fact sound. He was born in Salem, Massachu- 
setts, July 4, 1804, and when he was fourteen sj^ent a year 
in the country solitude of Maine, where he led a somewhat 
isolated life in the most impressionable period of youth. 
He entered Bowdoin College in 1821, and was a classmate 
of Longfellow. He returned to Salem after graduation in 
1825, where he began to write prose tales almost as soon as 
Longfellow began his poetic career ; but he wrote in obscurity 
and retirement, and when he had published his Twice Told 
Tales in 1837, the year when Longfellow took up his resi- 
dence in Cambridge, he had scarcely a hearing; while the 
poet, who had as yet not written A Psalm of Life or Hype- 
rion, was already looked upon as a brilliant author, and 
lent his voice immediately to sounding the praise of his less 
fortunate friend and classmate. 

Two years later he was appointed by George Bancroft, 
then Collector of the Port of Boston, to be weigher and 
ganger in the Boston custom house, but was removed in 1841, 
when his political party went out of power, and for a short 
time made trial of life in the community at Brook Farm, an 
experience which supplied him with material for his The 
Blithedale Romance ten years later. In 1842 he married 
Sophia Peabody and removed to the Old Manse in Concord. 



NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 

Here he continued to write sketches and stories for the 
poorly-paying magazines of the day, and to do task-work for 
pnbUshers until 1846, when he collected his work into the 
volume Mosses from an Old Manse. 

In this year he retuined to Salem, where he had been ap- 
pointed Surveyor of tlie Port, but in three years more was 
again deprived of office. Thrown upon his resources, he 
took from his drawer an unfinished romance, and in 1850 
published the book which gave him immediate and lasting- 
fame, The Scarlet Letter. He sought a home in the country 
at Lenox, in the Berkshire Hills, where he remained a year, 
and in that time wrote The House of the Seven Gables, and 
The Wonder Book. Returning to Concord, he had scarcely 
become wonted to the house, which he bought for his future 
liome, when his friend Franklin Pierce, just elected Presi- 
dent, appointed him to what was then regarded as a lucra- 
tive office, the consulate at Liverpool. 

Hawthorne went to Liverpool in 1853 and held his office 
four years, during which time he made acquaintance with 
England and English life. Then he spent a year iind a half 
on the continent, chiefly in Italy, and returned to England 
to complete his romance, The Marble Faun, which had been 
suggested by his stay in Rome. He returned to America 
and Concord in 1860, and pul)lished in the Atlantic a series 
of papers afterwards gathered into the volume Our Old 
Home, and in 1864 began in the same magazine the publi- 
cation of The Dolliver Romance. He had written little 
of this work and printed less, when he died at Plymouth, 
New Hampshire, May 19, 1864. 




/f^O/^^ /f^^^a^/ly^^^^^^. 



OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 

At the breakfast given in honor of Dr. Holmes on his 
seventieth birthday, President Eliot of Harvard University 
said : " I know him as the Professor of Anatomy and Physi- 
ology in the medical school of Harvard University for the last 
thirty-two years, and I know him to-day as one of the most 
active and hard-working of our lecturers. . . . When I read 
his writing I find the traces of this life-work of his on every 
page." Dr. Holmes he is and always will be, but how few 
know him in his professional guise compared with the many 
who know him as the Avise and witty commentator on life, the 
poet who has touched that part of man which lies beyond 
reach of scalpel or drugs I President Eliot was right, how- 
ever, for it is the same man who lectured on anatomy and 
who wrote The Cliamhered NcuUllus. Yet the poetical 
genius was the earliest to display itself. 

He was nineteen years old when he wrote Old Ironsides 
in 1828, for he was born August 29, 1809, in an old gam- 
brel-roofed house in Cambridge, since removed because it 
stood in the light of the new law-school building. It is a 
pity that the young law students could not always have 
been reminded as they came out from the study of books, of 
that keen student of human nature. He was a member of 
Harvard College at the time when he wrote his patriotic 
poem, and during his undergraduate years he wrote many 
of the humorous poems which have made him famous. 

He graduated in 1829 and took up the study of law, but 
shortly abandoned it for medicine, and after a course in 
Boston went to Paris in 1833 to perfect himself. He re- 
ceived his doctor's degree in 1836, and became Professor 
of Anatomy and Physiology in Dartmouth College in 1838. 
He did not remain there long, however, but married and 
took up the practice of medicine in Boston. In 1847, how- 
ever, he received an appointment to the same chair at Har- 



OLIVE r, WENDELL HOLMES. 

vard which he had hekl at Dartmouth, and he continued to 
make this professorshij) his occupation until 1882, when he 
retired from academic work. 

Even when he was qualifying himself for his profession, 
he was winning fame as a poet. In 1836, the same year in 
which he took his doctor's degree, he delivered Poetry, a 
metrical essay, before the Phi Beta Kajjpa Society, and pub- 
lished the first collected edition of his poems. In 1850 he 
published Astrcva and other poems, and in 1852 he gave a 
brilliant course of lectures on the English poets of the nine- 
teenth century. The most interesting sign, however, of the 
continuity of his intellectual life is found in the fact that 
before he went to Europe, while he was still in the medical 
school, he issued in The New Evgland Magazine two pa- 
pers with the title The Autocrat of the Breakfast- Table. 
How much his thought had mellowed in the next twenty- 
five years, and yet what promise lay in the first expression 
of his thought, may be seen by any one who takes the trou- 
ble to compare these early papers with the famous book 
bearing the same title, which first saw the light in TJie At- 
lantic Mo7itlilij, wdien that magazine was started in 1857. 

The Autocrat was followed by the Professor, and still the 
rich vein seemed unexhausted. Two novels followed, Pllsie 
Venner and The Guardian Angel, and then The Poet at 
the Breakfast Table, with essays and poems sufficient to fill 
three more volumes. A memoir of his friend John Lothrop 
Motley grew out of a sketch for the Massachusetts Historical 
Society, and since severing his connection with Harvard, 
Dr. Holmes has published a volume on Emerson in the Men 
of Letters series ; a novel, A Mortal Antipathy ; and Our 
Hundred Days in Europe, which records in vivacious rem- 
iniscence his experience abroad, mainly in England, in the 
summer of 1886. It is a fresh illustration of some of Dr. 
Holmes's observations on the transmission of qualities, that 
his father should have been a notable clergyman and his son 
should be a learned justice. 




M<iA/>>M-r V'l ,^o-«^k.-<J?ft3^JUruJi 



HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 

The first piece set down in the list of Longfellow's writ- 
ings is The Battle of LovelVs Fond in 1820. The poet was 
born at Portland, Maine, February 27, 1807, so that he was 
only thirteen years old at the time. He was a school-boy 
then, and in 1821 entered Bowdoin College. During* the 
four years of his college life and the few months which in- 
tervened before he made his first journey to Europe, three 
prose papers and twenty-four poems found their way into 
print, and when he came, later on, to collect his poems, he 
was willing to retain seven of these earlier pieces. 

He went to Europe in 1826, to qualify himself for a pro- 
fessorship in Bowdoin College, and remained abroad three 
years. Upon his return he entered ui)on his college duties, 
and in connection with them occupied himself with preparing 
French, Spanish, and Italian text -books. He also turned 
the results of his study in modern languages and literature 
into critical and scholarly articles for The North American 
Jierie/c, but rendered his experience of travel into more dis- 
tinctly literary form in his book of p]uro})ean life, Oiftre-Mer. 

In 1831 he was married, and in 1834 was invited to 
take the chair of Modern Languages in Harvard University. 
This sent him to Europe again, with special reference to 
the study of the northern literatures. His wife accompanied 
him, but died a few months after they left America. He 
spent a year only abroad this time, and when he returned, 
made his home in the historic house in Cambridge which 
had been Washington's headquarters. 

Very soon after his Cambridge life began, he resumed the 
writing of poetry, which, except in the form of translations, 
chiefly in connection with his review articles, he had aban- 
doned since leaving America for the first time. That is, 
about twelve years elas])ed between his early poem. Hymn 
of the Moraclan Nuns of Bethlehem, and the poem Flowers, 



HENR Y WA DS WOR TH L ONGFEL L W. 

with which he opened his second period of poetic composi- 
tion in 1837 ; but between Ids return to America after his 
first journey and this new i)oem, Flower's, he had written 
over forty translations of French, German, Spanish, ItaHan, 
Danish, and Swedish poems. 

His reapjjearance as a poet, with Voices of the Night, in 
1839 was ahnost simultaneous with his fame as a romancer 
in Hyperion, published in the same year. During- the next 
ten years, which was also marked by a summer journey to 
Europe in 1842 and liis n.iarriage to Miss Appleton in 1843, 
there was a constant flow of verse, including such famous 
lyrics as Excels m', The Skeleton in Arnwr, The Village 
Blacksmith, and culminating in Eramjeline, in 1847. 

Kava nagh, his last prose work, was published in 1849- 
just ten years after Hyperion, and two years later Tlie Gol- 
den Legend, the first portion completed, but the second in 
order, in his trilogy of Christtis. He retired from his aca- 
demic work in 1854. The two or three years previous saw 
but few lyrics written, and his diary shows signs of weari- 
ness, but with his release from college duties came a fresh 
interest in poetic composition. He wrote Hiaivatha and 
The Courtship) of Miles Standisli, and from the first appear- 
ance of The Atlantic Monthlg in 1857 made frequent con- 
tributions of lyrics to its pages. 

The sudden and distressing death of his wife by fire in 
1861 had something of the same influence upon his work as 
the death of Bryant's wife had upon that poet. He had 
long contem2)lated making a translation of Dante, and had 
indeed made several experiments. He now took this work 
up as a daily consolation, and published liis result Anally in 
1867. In 1868 he made a fourth journey to Europe, where 
he was received with public honors at the universities and 
with the most warm welcome in society. He returned to 
America in 1869, completed his Ckristus in 1872, and read 
Morituri Sahitanius before his class at the fiftieth an- 
niversary of their graduation in 1875. He died at Cam- 
bridge in his home. March 24, 1882. 





s 



JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 

Although Mr. Lowell has been soinewluit of a vagrant 
of late years, his life has been that of a student, and has 
been passed for the most part in the seclusion of Elmwood, 
Cambridge, where he was born February 21, 1819. In his 
A?i liuUan Summer Reverie he has given a poetical, in 
Cambridge Thlrtij Years Ago a prose, reminiscence of the 
circumstances of his early life. His father was a scholarly 
clergyman, and the son's own tastes early showed them- 
selves, both in prose and verse. So evenly have the two 
functions of critic and j^oet been exercised, that one is 
tempted to think of ]\Ir. Lowell as distracted by the con- 
tradictory calls upon his nature ; but so frequently has the 
scholar's gown only half concealed the i)oet's pipe, and so 
often has the poet's voice echoed against academic walls, 
that one is persuaded Nature has, after all, had her own 
way. 

Mr. Lowell graduated from Harvard in I808 and made a 
somewhat nominal study of the law, but his heart was in lit- 
erature. He had given the class poem when he graduated, 
and three years later published his first volume of poems, 
A Year's Life. He started, in con^jany with Robert Car- 
ter, a new^ literary magazine, The Pioneer, which flashed for 
three months. In 1844 he published his second volume of 
poems, A Legend of Brlttamj. Miscellaneous Poems and 
Sonnets, and in the same year married. The next year he 
published his first prose work. Conversations on Some of the 
Old Poets, which has long been out of print, and in 1848 
he appeared in two lights, as the author of the romantic 
poem, The Vision of Sir Launfal, and of the audacious 
and witty survey of contemporaiy poets, A Fable for Crit- 
ics, which a})})eared anonymously, and in which he good- 
humoredly flicked himself with his own w^liip. 

Although thus far he had seemed almost wholly a scholar 



JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 

and poet, he had also disclosed in prose and verse a 
strong ethical nature, and he had been stirred by the pro- 
found movements going on in the society about him. When, 
therefore, the Mexican war was imminent and after it had 
opened, he wrote a series of stinging satires under the gen- 
eral title of The Bigloiu Papers, which were a safety-valve 
for thousands of sensitive persons who thought with him, 
and wanted some vehicle for the expression of their indig- 
nation. The Biglow Papers gave him special distinction, 
but he was not diverted into i^olitical life. He went abroad 
for a year in 1851. After his return his wife died, leav- 
ing him with a young daughter. 

In 1855 he accepted an appointment at Harvard to suc- 
ceed Longfellow as Smith Professor of the French and 
Spanish Languages and Literatures and Professor of Belles 
Lettres, and retained the position for twenty years. During 
that time also he did special work as editor, being the first 
editor of The Atlantic Monthly and afterwards one of the 
two editors of The North American Reriea-. His position 
gave him the o})2)ortunity, and the rising tide of anti-slavery 
principles the occasion, for much vigorous political writing. 
His thought in this field rose, however, to its height in the 
ode at the Harvard Commemoration, July 21, 1865. The 
war for the union called out a second series of The Biglow 
Papers, and the centennial celebrations in 1876 gave rise 
also to two notable odes. 

In 1876 he took his first political office as Presidential 
Elector, and in 1877 was sent by President Hayes as min- 
ister to Spain, and transferred thence to England in 1880. 
Upon the change of l)arty administration, he returned to the 
United States, and some of the literary record of his resi- 
dence abroad was jiublished in 1887 under the title Denioc- 
racy and other Addresses. 




'■ay^y^ ^ki^nt^^ 



ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS. 

Miss Php:lps's immediate ancestry may naturally be re- 
gardetl as determining somewhat her intellectual career. 
Her grandfathers on both sides of the family were Congre- 
gational ministers, her mother's father being Moses Stuart, 
a professor at Andover, a Hebrew scholar, and a man of 
marked influence upon theological study. Her father, Austin 
Phelps, has also had an honorable career as professor in the 
Andover Seminary, and is widely known for his contributions 
to religious and devotional literature. Her mother had an 
extensive reputation under her anagrammatic pseudonym of 
H. Trusta, and was especially known as the author of Simnt/ 
Side, a book which disclosed the interior life of a New Eng- 
land clergyman's household, and was the innnediate cause 
of a number of books which either echoed or dis2)uted it. 

Miss Phelps, who was born in Boston. August 31, 1844, 
lost her mother by death when she was a child of eight, but 
she had already felt the influence which such a mother ex- 
erted. '• I can conceive," she once wrote, '" of few things 
more stimulating to a woman than a gifted mother — unless, 
indeed, it be the scholarly standards and patient instruction 
of such a father as my own." Her father moved to Andover 
to take his professorship when his daughter was four years 
old, so that her training was in the midst of theological and 
academic associations. She displayed early her talent as a 
story-teller, and her little circle of playmates was constantly 
entertained by her tales and fancies. 

Her first printed piece was one written when she was 
thirteen years old, and published in The Youth's Co?njxi)ilon ; 
but her serious literary work began with the publication of 
A Sacrifice Consumed, in Havpei''' s Moutldy, and TJie Tenth 
of January, in The Atlantic Monthly, both in 1863, the 
forerunners of a long series of striking tales contributed to 
the periodicals at intervals ever since. 



ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS. 

While she was thus engaged, a deep j)ersonal affliction set 
her mind upon the subject of the future life, and in 1864 she 
began to write a book containing her reflections and intui- 
tions on matters connected with personal immortality, but 
it was not till 1868 that she published her work under the 
title The Gates Ajar. This memorable book gave occasion 
for a stream of criticism, favorable and unfavorable, which 
has continued to the present day, revived and reenforced by 
the successive appearance of Beyond the Gates and TJte 
Gates Between. 

Miss Phelps's name was emphatically fixed in the minds 
of the public by these writings, and her audience has stead- 
ily enlarged. She has used the power thus acquired in call- 
ing attention to various forms of social disorder and their 
remedies, both through stories and through direct appeal. 
Her latest story, Jack the Fisherman, has arrested atten- 
tion by its strong indirect plea for temperance. 

Meanwhile, her love of story-telling lias found vent, aside 
from her novels and stories with a purpose, in a number of 
entertaining tales for the young, and in her amusing chroni- 
cle, An Old Maid's Paradise and Burglars in Paradise. 
She has also published two volumes of poems, and in 1877 
she delivered at Boston University a series of lectures 
upon representative modern fiction. But a delicate organi- 
zation has rendered such work injudicious, and she has been 
forced to lead a secluded life at Andover and at her sea- 
side home. 




^ymi$u^iL^<S^e6<.^^ 



HORACE ELISHA SCUDDER. 

Horace E. Scudder was born in Boston. October IG. 
1838, and was the youngest of a family of seven. His brother 
immediately older is Samuel H. Scudder, who has won dis- 
tinction in science through his work in entomology, and an- 
other brother three years his senior began a strong career 
as a missionary in Southern India. When the boys and a 
still older brother were in their school-days, the part of Bos- 
ton in which they lived was encroached upon by trade and 
a foreign pojnilation. and the Scudder family set an example 
to the Bodleys by moving to Roxbury and occupying what 
was then a large farm and pasture, but is now in the midst 
of a thickly settled district- 

The boys went by turn to Williams College, and then the 
family returned to Boston to live ; the youngest son, when he 
graduated from college in 1858, was disposed, from his in- 
terest in classical studies, to take up an academic life. There 
was no opportunity in his own college, however, and after 
a year of desultory study at home, he went to New York, 
where he had private pui)ils for three years, and occupied 
what leisure he found in experiments in literature. The in- 
terest which he took in some children led him to amuse him- 
self by writing stories for their birthdays. The stories 
passed from hand to hand in manuscript, and in 1862 Mr. 
Scudder collected them into a book which was published 
under the title of Seven Little People and their Friends. 

Not long after the publication of this book the sudden 
death of his brother David, after a few months' life in India, 
followed by the death of his father, led him to give up his 
New York life and to return to Boston, with the purpose of 
devoting himself exclusively to literature. His father had 
desired him to write a memoir of his brother, and accord- 
ingly, after bringing out a second book, rather of fancies 
than children's stories. Dream Children^ he jjublished the 
Life and Letters of David Coit Scudder. 



HORACE ELISHA SCUDDER. 

The memorial character of this book determined him to 
publish it at his own risk, and he arranged for its manufac- 
ture at the Riverside Press. Just as it was in readiness for 
publication, and he was casting about for a suitable agent, 
Mr. Houghton, with whom he had been brought into ac- 
quaintance at the Press, formed a publishing partnership 
with Mr. Hurd, and the book was consigned to the new firm 
of Hurd & Houghton, and became one of their earliest 
issues. This circumstance led to more intimate relations. 
Mr. Scudder became a literary aide to the house, and when 
The Biverskle Magazine for Young People was projected it 
was given into his charge. 

He edited the magazine for the four years of its life, and 
from some of his contributions made a third volume for 
young people. Stories frovi imj Attk. When the magazine 
was discontinued, he remained for a year with the firm, and 
then, with Mr. George H. Mifflin, became a partner, with the 
intention of having special editorial charge of the jjublica- 
tions of the house. At the expiration of the term of part- 
nership in 1874, he decided that his bent was too literary to 
permit so positive a commercial interest, and he retired 
from business, devoting himself thenceforth to literature. 

His experience, however, in close intimacy with a grow- 
ing manufacturing and publishing interest gave him sjjecial 
facilities for editorial work, and he has, since his separation 
from the firm, which afterward took the style successively of 
Houghton, Osgood & Co. and Houghton, Mifflin & Co., been 
associated with them in various enter})rises. Their catalogue 
shows the principal list of books written and edited l)y him. 
He also has edited for Porter & Coates Recollections of 
Samuel Brech, and for Charles Scribner's Sons Men and 
M((nners in America. He was one of the writers on Bryant 
& Gay's History of the United States and on the Memorial 
History of Boston, and has pubhshed with Butler, White & 
Butler a school history of the United States. He was mar- 
ried in 1873, and has since that time made his home in 
Cambridge. 





a. 



OC&mci.^ 




EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN. 

Poets of America, a full, exact, and judicious volume, 
published in 1885, makes a very comprehensive survey of 
the development of poetry in America, and supplies what is 
needed to be known concerning the personality of all who 
have made any name in this field. If the text merely gives 
a name, the margin or the index furnishes the dates of birth 
and of death, yet both text, margin, and index are absolutely 
silent regarding one of the notable poets of America. It 
needs, in fact, that some one should do for Mr. Stedman 
what he has so liberally done for his fellows, and while no 
entire volume has yet been devoted to him, a good deal 
more than two pages is required to give any adequate notion 
of his literary life and of the contributions which he has 
made to American literature. 

He was born at Hartford, Connecticut, October 8, 1833. 
If there is any truth in tlie saying that mind is from the 
mother, it is reenforced by this instance, since his mother, 
now Mrs. Kinney, has fine poetic endowment. It was not 
given to her, however, to have long and intimate association 
with her son in his growing years. He was placed under 
the guardianship of a great uncle, after his father's death, 
which occurred when the child was but two years old, 
and spent his boyhood in Norwich Town. Connecticut, where 
he formed that familiar acquaintance with country life which 
is frequently reflected in his verse. He laid there, also, un- 
der the guidance of his guardian, the foundations of that 
exact scholarship which enabled him later to assume labors 
of detail which to most men gifted with an ardent poetic 
temperament would be irksome in the extreme. He began, 
but did not finish, a college course at Yale, and in the year 
1853, which was that of his college class, he had married, 
and was conducting a newspaper in Norwich. In 1855 he 
removed to New York, and for the next ten years main- 



EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN. 

tained himself by journalism, acting during a part of the 
war as war-correspondent for the New York JVorld. This 
period, in some of its phases, is reflected in his poem 
Bohemia. 

His real occupation meanwhile was verse, but he had an 
intensity of nature which forbade him to draw a sharp line 
between his art and his living. In his journalistic work, he 
would call in the reserve force of his poetry, and his verse 
was frequently charged with passion excited by the scenes 
which were forced upon his notice by his daily duties. He 
was wise to see that his strong interest in literature and his 
love of literary art would be in constant conflict with jour- 
nalistic writing, which is a dangerous rival, and he aban- 
doned the career of an editor in 1864, preferring to take u]) 
the business of banking, which might provide the means of 
livelihood, and at least not usurp the power of the pen. 

A generous use of books became his recreation. Litera- 
ture was so antipodal to banking that it was at once a relief 
to 2)lunge from business into books, and the poetic passion 
jiassed easily into a liberal regard for poetry and the poetic 
genius. His quick sympathy and his alertness led him into 
excursions which soon became systematic surveys, and in 
the twenty years which followed he produced two books, 
Victorian Poets and Poets of America, which are thorough 
and minute studies in the verse which has i)revailed in Eng- 
land and America during the life of men now living. He 
has rendered great service to the poets whom he has so care- 
fully set forth, and to the reader who needs a guide to the 
foothills of Parnassus. 

Meanwhile his own volume of song has grown slowly. 
There is reason to believe that, with the discharge of his 
large critical function, the poet will resume sway, and that 
in the freedom from pressing care, song will be even 
stronger and richer. 

His college afterward conferred a degree U2)on him of 
Master of Arts. 




^^-7^(2:^^7^>^^^ 



HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. 

The family of Beechers is a remarkable one, but its dis- 
tinction is to be found in a single generation. Other fami- 
lies have been eminent in a succession of noted names along 
a single line. The Beechers owe their fame to a father and 
his children. Lyman Beecher. a sturdy preacher and vig- 
orous leader of men, was the father of Edward, Charles, 
Henry Ward, Catherine, and Harriet. This last named 
was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, June 14, 1812. Her 
mother died when she was about four years of age, so that 
she had but few recollections of her, but these were so strong 
and the influence upon the family so lasting that the daugh- 
ter, when she came to write Uncle Tom's Cabin, was moved 
to jiortray this influence in the passage where Augustine St. 
Clare describes his mother. 

She was brought up among kinsfolk who loved books, and 
was made an early participant in the pleasure of Walter 
Scott's poetry, then taking people by storm. When she was 
fifteen she became an assistant in the school kept by her sis- 
ter Catherine in Hartford. There she remained until she 
was twenty-one, when she married the Rev. Calvin E. Stowe, 
and went with him to live in Cincinnati, where he was a pro- 
fessor in the theological school of Western Reserve College. 

Mrs. Stowe began early to write sketches and stories, and 
a collection of these under the title of The May-Floiver ; or 
Sketches of the Descendants of the Pilgrims, was published 
in 1849. In Cincinnati she found herself in the midst of 
anti-slavery agitation, and in a situation where she had 
abundant means of observing the practical results of the sys- 
tem of slavery. Men and women escaping from it at the 
peril of their lives were constantly brought to her notice, 
and she conceived a strong feeling of detestation for the sys- 
tem, and a deep conviction of its inherent immorality. 

Professor Stowe changed his oftice for a similar one at 



HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. 

Anclover, Massachusetts, and while living there, Mrs. Stowe 
wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was jjublished first in The 
National Era, a pajjer of strong anti-slavery convictions 
issued at the national capital, and conducted in part by 
the poet Whittier, who made it the vehicle for much of his 
poetry and prose. The story excited increasing interest as 
its plot was developed, and when in 1852 it appeared in 
book form, it rapidly grew in fame until no other book was 
so read and talked about. It called out so much discussion 
and such angry denials of its truthfulness that she })repared 
a volume, under the title A Key to Uncle Tains Cabin, in 
which she collected a vast array of documents and other 
testimony to the accuracy of her general statements. A few 
years later she produced a second story of southern life 
under the title Dred : a Tale of the Dismal Swamp. 

Not long after the publication of Uncle Tonis Cabin, 
Mrs. Stowe went abroad with her husband and her brother 
Charles, and in England especially she was enthusiastically 
received. After her return she published a record of her 
travels in Sunny Memories of Foreign Climes. 

In the productive years which followed she gave herself 
uj) to the pleasure of tasks which in any event would have 
occupied her. She wrote novels like The Minister s Wooinr/ 
and The Fearl of Orr's Island, and racy stories like Old 
Town Folks and Sam Lawsoii's EXreside Stories, all ex- 
pressive of New England life, and Agnes of Sorrento which 
drew npon her taste of Italy. She wrote essays npon 
domestic and social topics, like House and Home Fajjers 
and Little Foxes, strongly marked by healthful morality ; 
and she printed occasional religious poems which have been 
collected into a volume, as well as a number of stories and 
sketches designed for young people. Of late years she has 
led a somewhat secluded life in her home in Hartford, 
varied by winters in Florida. Her husband died in 1886, 




/S'Zcycz-r-i^ /-€^^ J^-cr^^ 



BAYARD TAYLOR. 

" I WAS born," says Bayard Taylor, not without a little 
irony in his voice, " the 11th of January, 1825, the year 
when the first locomotive successfully performed its trial 
trip ; I am therefore just as old as the railroad." It was 
always an offense to him to be regarded, as so many re- 
garded him, as a mere traveler who went whizzing over the 
surface of the earth. It is only fair, when judging men, to 
take their own ideals into account, and few men have so 
steadfastly looked toward the goal of poetry, under distract- 
ing influences, as Bayard Taylor. He rightly holds that in 
traveling his observations were those of a poet who seeks to 
see wholes, and not those of a statistician who is bent on 
discovering particulars. 

The society into which he was born was that of a rich 
farming district in eastern Pennsylvania. Kennett Square, 
his birthplace, was also the seat of a Quaker community, and 
though Taylor's parents were not birthright Friends, they 
had imbibed the principles and manners of that society. 
Bayard Taylor himself had only slight personal sympathy 
with a creed which called for an abnegation of the laws of 
beauty, but his familiarity with its manifestations is seen in 
his Home Pastorals and in that admirable pastoral poem of 
Lars which reproduces with fidelity the surroundings of his 
birthplace. His early years were spent in or near Kennett 
Square, and when he had won fame and fortune he realized 
a dream which had haunted him in his travels and built 
Cedarcroft, a dignified mansion in the midst of a broad 
domain not far from the home of his youth. He left his 
father's liouse when he was nineteen years old, to take a 
course in the university of the world. 

He crossed the ocean in the second cabin of a vessel, at a 
cost of twenty-four dollars, and once on the other side, 
made a large part of Ills journey on foot, su])porting himself 



BAYARD TAYLOR. 

in i)art by letters to Amerieaii journals. He studied German, 
and had his first glimpse of great art in Italy. When he 
came home, after a two years' absence, he gathered his letters 
into a volume, Views Afoot, which at once gave him distinc- 
tion, and made it possible for him, after a years' experiment 
with a village newspaper, to remove to New Yoi-k and connect 
himself with the Neia Yorl- Tribune. He published now a 
volume of Rhymes of Travel, Ballads and Poems, and be- 
ing sent by his paper to California during the excitement 
caused by the discovery of gold, he wrote a number of letters 
collected into the volume Eldorado, and one of the best re- 
flections of the romance and adventure of that day. 

He married in 1850 Mary Agnew, a friend from child- 
hood, but at the time in a decline, so that she lived only a 
brief three months after their marriage. Although Bayard 
Taylor's fortunes were i'a2)idly rising through journalism 
and authorship, his grief made him restless, and he set out 
on a long course of travel in Egypt and across Asia. He 
returned at the close of 1853, strengthened in body and with 
abundant material for prose and verse. He found the most 
lucrative ein])loyment in lecturing, and that, with a rai)id suc- 
cession of books of travel, became his main reliance. 

His main jjursuit, however, was literature, and especially 
poetry, and he continued to put forth volumes of verse which 
rose in complexity and dignity of form, culminating in 
Prince Deukaliou, published shortly before his death. He 
made otlier journeys to Europe, and in 1857 married Marie 
Hansen, daughter of an eminent astronomer of Gotha, Ger- 
many. The crowning literary work of his life was his trans- 
lation of Goethe's Faust, and this work, together with his 
broad attainments and previous diplomatic experience in 
Russia, pointed him out as the most fit representative of 
the United States in Germany, whither he went as minister 
plenipotentiary in 1878, only to die a few months afterward 
in Berlin, December 19. His Life amd Letters, by his 
widow and H. E. Scudder jointly, ai)peared in 1884. 





^ ^^=^-^^^t^.:^^. 



HENRY DAYID THOREAU. 

No village of its size in the country lias enjo^'ecl so much 
distinction through historic unci literary associations as Con- 
cord in Massachusetts. Here American farmers took arms 
against the British soldiery, 

"And fii-ed the shot heard round the worhl.'' 

Here lived Emerson and Hawthorne, and here was born 
Thoreau, who made excursions from the village as far away 
as Canada even, but gloried in treating Concord as if it 
were the centre of the knovvn world, and his hut on the 
shore of Walden Pond as the observatory from which to 
watch the star of empire. Prefacing one of his books, 
Sumniev, is a map of Concord for the convenience of read- 
ers, and after a long brooding over Thoreau's writings, one 
comes to look at Mason's Pasture and Great Meadows, and 
Bakeman's Pond and Fairhaven Bay and Ponkawtasset 
Hill as if they were the great geographical features of the 
inhabited globe. 

Thoreau was born July 12, 1817, and graduated from 
Harvard College in 18o7. In the same year he began to 
keep a journal, and the principal literary occupation of his 
life thereafter was to keep this journal. If one writes a lit- 
tle even every day, and continues the habit for twenty-live 
years, the total result is likely to be great. This was the 
case with Thoreau, and his diary did not differ greatly from 
that of other men, since it contained his record of what he 
observed and what he thought. But his observations were 
not so much of other men or of affairs, since he sjjent a 
great deal of his time by himself, but of what was going on 
about him, the world in which he lived, the world of Con- 
cord woods and fields and meadows. His reflections were 
those of a man who cared little for association and was jeal- 
ous of his own individuality, so jealous that as he made 



HENRY DAVID THOREAU, 

Concord the centre of the world, so he made his own judg- 
ment a sort of papal throne. 

His professional pursuit, if he could be said to have any, 
was that of a land surveyor. He earned by this means 
what little money he required, for the most part, but his 
livelihood never seemed to give him much concern. If he 
had written his autobiography, he probably would have laid 
as much stress on a walk to Wachusett as some would have 
laid on a journey to the Himalayas. Thus when in 1839 
he explored the Concord and Merrimac rivers, the voyage, 
made in a l)oat of his own construction, seemed to him im- 
portant enough to have its history written, and he published 
in 1849 A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers. It 
attracted very little attention at the time, but five years 
later he made his name nuu'h moie distinctly known by 
Walden^ which contained an account of his hermit life of a 
couple of years on the shores of Walden Pond. This book 
has 1)ecome a classic, both because it describes so minutely 
the life in all seasons of the year above and about a little 
sheet of water, and because it bears the impression of a 
unique individuality. 

These two books are the only ones by Thoreau published 
in his lifetime. Since his death. May (). 1862, his occasional 
magazine papers have been collected and his journals drawn 
upon for eight volumes. One of these, E.rcnrsio/is in Field 
(nid Forest, contains a notable biographical sketch by Ral})h 
AValdo Emerson. A fuller biography is the volume on 
Thoreau by F. B, Sanborn in the Ainerican lUen of Letters 
series. 



CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER. 

Like iNIr. Aldrich, who played witli his hoyhood in The 
Story of a Bad Boy, Mr. Warner has treated himself as a 
sort of third person in Being a Boy, the scenes of which are 
laid in a primitive jNIassachusetts conntry neighborhood. 
The place which stood for its portrait is Charlemont, near 
the eastern opening to the Hoosac tunnel. Here Mr. War- 
ner spent his boyhood, removing to the place, wlien his 
father died, from Plainfield. in the same state, where he 
was born September 12, 1829. He was five years old when 
he was taken to Charlemont, and he remained there eight 
years, and then removed to Cazenovia, N. Y. His guardian 
intended him for business life, and placed him after his 
school days as clerk in a store, but his intellectual ambition 
was strong, and against all adverse fates 'he secured a col- 
legiate education at Hamilton College, where he graduated 
in 1851. His college many years later conferred on him 
the degree of Doctor of Letters. 

For the next half dozen years he was busy establishing 
himself in life, choosing the law at first as his profession, but 
really practising the various pursuits which should finally 
qualify him for his ])redestined vocation as a man of letters. 
He spent two years in frontier life with a surveying party in 
Missouri, mainly to secure a more robust condition of body ; 
he lectured, did hack work, Avrote letters to journals, looked 
wistfully at public life and oratory, opened a law office in 
Chicago, and took what legal business he could find. 

It was while he was there living by miscellaneous ven- 
tures that J. R. Hawley. now U. S. Senator from Connecti- 
cut, was attracted by the letters which Mr. Warner was con- 
tributing to his paper, the Hartford' Pres^, and invited his 
correspondent to remove to Hartford and become assistant 
editor of the paper. This was shortly before the opening of 
the war for the Union. When Mr. Hawley entered the 



CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER. 

army, Mr. Warner became editor in chief ; and when the 
Press became merged in the okler and more snbstantial Cou- 
rant, he became one of the i^roprietors and editors of that 
paper. 

In that position he has ever since remained, although of 
late years he has been relieved from much of the ofhce work 
of an editor. It was in connection with his journalistic du- 
ties that his first stroke in literature was made. He was 
busy with the political discussions in which the press was 
involved, and most of his writing was of this sort. But his 
morning recreation in his garden suggested to him the relief 
of writing playful sketches for his paper, drawn from this 
occupation, and the popularity attending them led to a col- 
lection of the sketches in the well-known volume My Sinn- 
mer in a Garden. 

In 1868 Mr. Warner went to Europe for a year and 
turned his travel-experience into sketches which were gath- 
ered into Sannterings. This was the beginning of his more 
distinctly literary life. He found his pleasure as well as his 
recuperation thereafter chiefly in rambling and in noting 
men and things. His Baddeek and That Sort of Thing., 
My Winter on the Nile, In the Levant, In the Wilderness, 
A RoundahoiLt Journey, and Their Pilgrimage bear witness 
to this taste. His interest in literature has always been 
strong, and has led him into the delivery of forcible addresses 
at college anniversaries and into the editorshij) of the Amer- 
ican Men of Letters series, to whlcli he has contributed a 
volume on Washington Irving, who was his first great ad- 
miration in modern literature. His interest in literature 
and travel has not been that of a dilettante. His humor is 
scarcely more prominent than his earnest thoughtfulness. 
and he has given practical expression to his thought in the 
part which he has taken in public affairs in Hartford and 
in the moving question of prison reform. 



ADELINE D. TRAIN WHITNEY. 

Mrs. Whitney was born September 15, 1824, and is the 
daughter of Enoch Train, who was a large shipping merchant 
and the founder of a line of packet-ships between Boston and 
Liverpool. Mrs. Whitney's early days were spent in Bos- 
ton, with a year also in Northam})ton. She led the life of 
a Boston girl of tlie period when home associations were 
strong, and summer outings were made in the family carriage 
into the rural parts about the decorous, staid New England 
metropolis. In 1843 she married Mr. Setli D. Whitney of 
Milton, Massachusetts, and has since made her home in that 
town. 

Mrs. Whitney published now and then a ])oem, but it was 
not until her family had grown nearly to maturity that she 
took up her pen for regular literary work, and she found 
her material in the experience and observation which had 
attended a devotion to family duties and a familiarity with 
country, especially suburban life. In 1861 she wrote Boijs 
at CheqiKtsset, but the book which called immediate atten- 
tion to her insight into girl nature was F<tlth Gartneifs 
Girlhood, which ap])eared in 1862. In 1864 The Gay wor- 
thy s was published, and in 1866 A Summer in Leslie 
Goldthica'de' & Life, which had ])reviously l)een printed as 
a serial in Our Young Folks. 

Mrs. Whitney had now won her audience and had con- 
firmed her purpose. For a score and more of years she has 
been sending fortli books which have for their intention the 
interpretation of life to those who are, in Longfellow's 



L'ds. — 



Standing-, with reluctant feet, 
Where tlie brook and river meet. 
Womanhood and ehiklhood fleet. 



Her study of girlhood, while it considers especially the 
social nature, is not content with results in manners and con- 



ADELINE D. TRAIN WHITNEY. 

veiitioiial morality, l)iit penetrates the deeper foundations 
laid in religion. She has found other exj^ression also for 
her religious thought and feeling, and for her imaginative 
activity, in four little volumes of verse, Daffodils, Fansies, 
Hoi I/- Tides, which contain seven songs for the church's sea- 
sons, and Bird-Talk. 

She also sought an outlet for her lessons of life in the 
volume Mother Goose for Groivn Folks, which was one of 
her earliest books. Her stories and novels, besides those 
already named, are Hitherto : a St07y of Yesterdays, Fa- 
tience Stroiufs Outings, We Girls : a Home Story, Real 
Folks. The Other Girls, Sights and Insights, Odd or Even? 
Borniyhorough. Home-spun Yarns, the last a collection of 
short stories. Mrs. Whitney has been a contributor to mag- 
azines for young peo})le, but most of her work has appeared 
first in book form, and has been written in such leisure as 
a well - occupied domestic life permits. Her interest in 
household affairs is further illustrated by a little volume 
entitled Just Hoiv, a key to the cook-books. So popular 
are her writings, and so little has she appeared in public, 
that her publishers have been constrained to issue a calen- 
dar compiled from her writings, the only one thus far rep- 
resenting a woman author on their list. 



JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. 

John Grep:nleaf Whittiek, of Qiuiker birth in Tiivitan 
surroundings, was born at the homestead near Haverhill, 
Massachusetts, December 17, 1807. Until his eighteenth 
year he lived at home, working upon the farm and in the 
little shoemaker's shop which nearly every farm then had as 
a resource in the otherwise idle hours of the long winter. 
The manual, homely labor upon which he was employed 
was in part the foundation of that deep interest which the 
poet never has ceased to take in the toil and plain fortunes 
of the people. Throughout his poetry runs this golden 
thread of sympathy with honorable labor and enforced pov- 
ei'ty, and many poems are directly inspired by it. AVhile at 
work with his father he sent poems to the Haverhill Ga- 
zette, his first poem, The Exile's Departure, having been 
published in that journal June 1, 1826. Thus for more 
than sixty years he has been singing to his countrymen. 

He had two years academic training, and occupied him- 
self a few months in teaching ; but his main support during 
that period when he was acquiring his position as a poet 
was drawn from editorial work. In 1828 he contributed 
to and in effect edited the American Manufacturer, a 
paper published in Boston. A year or two later he was 
emjiloyed as editor of tlie Harerhill Gazette, and later of 
the New England Weekly Heaiew in Hartford, Connecti- 
cut. Then came a term of four years when he returned to 
his home farm, but it was followed by a new charge of 
the Gazette, and in 1838 he edited the Femisijloanio. Free- 
man, which was honored by the hatred of the pro-slavery 
party. The hall in which the paper was published was de- 
stroyed by a mob a few months later. In 1814 he was 
in Lowell, writing for the Middlesex Standard; and in 1847 
he began his most important connection with the Xatlonal 
Era of Washington, a connection which, as contributor and 
editor, he maintained for a dozen vears. 



JOHN GREEN LEAF WHITTIER. 

This was the last of his formal connections with journal- 
ism. By this time he liacl won the right to consult his own 
preferences and to write when and what he chose, and to 
use the most convenient vehicles, as indeed the best were 
now always at his service. He had used his opportunities 
well, and a large part of his prose writings, jjretty mucli all 
indeed except Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal, had 
appeared first in the several papers with which he had been 
connected. In these papers, and in the more exclusively 
anti-slavery journals, had also appeared a large portion of 
his verse. 

His first volume, Legends of New England in Prose and 
Verse, was issued in 1831. In 1837 ap^jeared Poems writ- 
ten during the Progress of the Abolition Question in the 
United States, between the years 18S0 and 18S8. This was 
a thin volume collected and issued by Isaac Knapp, Mr. 
Garrison's partner. The next year, however, when Mr. 
Whittier was in Philadelphia, a publisher of that city 
brought out a more substantial volume. In 1848 appeared 
Voices of Freedom, and the next year a handsome illus- 
trated volume was jmblished. 

The greatest accession to his popularity no doubt came 
with the publication of Snow Bound in 1866, but from the 
appearance of his collected edition in 1857 and with the oj)- 
portunity afforded by the founding of the Atlantic Monthly 
in the same year, there has been since that day a steady 
succession of volumes of verse, most of which have been 
collections of poems individually contributed to periodicals. 
In 1886, at the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of 
the founding of Harvard University, he received the degree 
of Doctor of Laws. 



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